Brief biography of barack obama

Célestin Freinet

French pedagogue

"Freinet" redirects here. For the village, see La Garde-Freinet. For the medieval fortress, see Fraxinetum.

Célestin Freinet ([seləsˈtɛ̃fʀeˈnɛ], 15 October in Gars, Alpes-Maritimes &#; 8 October in Vence) was a noted French pedagogue and educational reformer.

Early life

Freinet was born in Provence as the fifth of eight children. His own schooldays were deeply unpleasant to him and would affect his teaching methods and desire for reform. In he was recruited into the French army and was wounded in the lung, an experience that led him to becoming a resolute pacifist.

Celestin freinet biography of barack obama full

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In he became an elementary schoolteacher in the village of Le Bar-sur-Loup. It was here that Freinet began to develop his teaching methods. He married Élise Lagier in

Educational reforms

In Freinet purchased a printing press, originally to assist with his teaching, since his lung injury made it difficult for him to talk for long periods.

It was with this press he printed free texts and class newspapers for his students. The children would compose their own works on the press and would discuss and edit them as a group before presenting them as a team effort. They would regularly leave the classroom to conduct field trips. The newspapers were exchanged with those from other schools.

Gradually the group texts replaced conventional school books.

Freinet created the teachers' trade union C.E.L.

Biography of barack obama president: Barack Obama undoubtedly possesses one of the most complicated – and fascinating – backgrounds of any former president of the United States. Born to a father he hardly knew and to a mother he almost never saw, Obama’s path to the White House is one of the most remarkable and unlikely of any I’ve seen.

(Coopérative de l'Enseignement Laïc) in , from which arose the French teacher movement Modern School Movement (Mouvement de l'École Moderne). The goal of the C.E.L was to change public education from the inside with the co-operation of teachers.

Freinet's teaching methods were at variance with official policy of the National Education Board, and he resigned from it in to start his own school in Vence.

Concepts of Freinet's pedagogy

  • Pedagogy of work (pédagogie du travail): pupils were encouraged to learn by making products or providing services.
  • Enquiry-based learning (tâtonnement expérimental): group-based trial and error work.
  • Cooperative learning (travail coopératif): pupils were to co-operate in the production process.
  • Centres of interest (complexe d'intérêt): the children's interests and natural curiosity are starting points for a learning process
  • The natural method (méthode naturelle): authentic learning by using real experiences of children.
  • Democracy: children learn to take responsibility for their own work and for the whole community by using democratic self-government.

In , Freinet drafted the pedagogical constants.[1][2] Freinet laid out these constants to enable teachers to evaluate their class practices in relation to his basic values and thus appreciate the path that remains to be followed.

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  • Brief biography of barack obama

    • "It is a new range of academic values that we would like to work here to establish, with no bias other than our preoccupation for the search for truth, in the light of experience and common sense. On the basis of these principles, which we shall regard as invariable and therefore unassailable and sure, we would like to achieve a kind of pedagogical code "The Pedagogical Code has several colored lights to help educators judge their psychological and pedagogical situation as teachers:

    • Green light: for practices conforming to these constants, in which educators can engage without apprehension because they are assured of a comforting success.
    • Red light: for practices not conforming to these constants and which must therefore be proscribed as soon as possible.
    • Orange and blinking light: for practices that in certain circumstances may be beneficial but which are likely to be dangerous and toward which one must advance only cautiously in the hope of soon moving past them.

    The constants cited below are only a part, a sort of summary of the pedagogical work of Celestin Freinet.

    1. The child is of the same nature as us [adults].
    2. Being bigger does not necessarily mean being above others.
    3. A child's academic behavior is a function of his constitution, health, and physiological state.
    4. No one – neither the child nor the adult – likes to be commanded by authority.
    5. No one likes to align oneself, because to align oneself is to obey passively an external order.
    6. No one likes to be forced to do a certain job, even if this work does not displease him or her particularly.

      It is being forced that is paralyzing.

    7. Everyone likes to choose their job, even if this choice is not advantageous.
    8. No one likes to move mindlessly, to act like a robot, that is to do acts, to bend to thoughts that are prescribed in mechanisms in which he does not participate.
    9. We [the teachers] need to motivate the work.
    10. No more scholasticism.

      1. Everyone wants to succeed. Failure is inhibitory, destructive of progress and enthusiasm.
      2. It is not games that are natural to the child, but work.
    11. The normal path of [knowledge] acquisition is not observation, explanation and demonstration, the essential process of the School, but experimental trial and error, a natural and universal process.
    12. Memorization, which the School deals with in so many cases, is applicable and valuable only when it is truly in service of life.
    13. [Knowledge] acquisition does not take place as one sometimes believes, by the study of rules and laws, but by experience.

      To study these rules and laws in [language], in art, in mathematics, in science, is to place the cart before the horse.

    14. Intelligence is not, as scholasticism teaches, a specific faculty functioning as a closed circuit, independent of the other vital elements of the individual.
    15. The School only cultivates an abstract form of intelligence, which operates outside living reality, by means of words and ideas implanted by memorization.
    16. The child does not like to listen to an ex cathedra lesson.
    17. The child does not tire of doing work that is in line with his life, work which is, so to speak, functional for him.
    18. No one, neither child nor adult, likes control and punishment, which is always considered an attack on one's dignity, especially when exercised in public.
    19. Grades and rankings are always a mistake.
    20. Speak as little as possible.
    21. The child does not like the work of a herd to which the individual has to fold like a robot.

      He loves individual work or teamwork in a cooperative community.

    22. Order and discipline are needed in class.
    23. Punishments are always a mistake.

      Celestin freinet biography of barack obama Freinet was born in Provence as the fifth of eight children. His own schooldays were deeply unpleasant to him and would affect his teaching methods and desire for reform. In he was recruited into the French army and was wounded in the lung , an experience that led him to becoming a resolute pacifist. In he became an elementary schoolteacher in the village of Le Bar-sur-Loup. It was here that Freinet began to develop his teaching methods.

      They are humiliating for all and never achieve the desired goal. They are at best a last resort.

    24. The new life of the School presupposes school cooperation, that is, the management by its users, including the educator, of life and school work.
    25. Class overcrowding is always a pedagogical error.
    26. The current design of large school complexes results in the anonymity of teachers and pupils; It is, therefore, always an error and a hindrance.
    27. The democracy of tomorrow is being prepared by democracy at the School.

      An authoritarian regime at the School cannot be formative of democratic citizens.

    28. One can only educate in dignity. Respecting children, who must respect their masters, is one of the first conditions for the redemption of the School.
    29. The opposition of the pedagogical reaction, an element of the social and political reaction, is also a constant, with whom we shall have, alas!

      to reckon unless we are able to avoid or correct it ourselves.

    30. There is also a constant that justifies all our trial and error and authenticates our action: it is the optimistic hope in life.

    Legacy

    Freinet's work lives on in the name of Pédagogie Freinet, or the Freinet Modern School Movement, practised in many countries worldwide.

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    • Guided Functional Peer Support is primarily based on his pedagogic work.

    The Freinet classification ("To organise everything") is used in the libraries of some elementary schools, and was invented by Célestin Freinet[3] to facilitate the easy finding of documents, and the use of the "Bibliothèque de travail".

    The Institut universitaire de formation des maîtres (teacher training university) of Nice bears the name of Célestin Freinet.

    Modern School Movement

    The Modern School Movement or Mouvement de l'École Moderne, based on the practices of the Freinets, has become an international network of educators and schools.

    In , the International Federation of Modern School Movements (FIMEM) was founded to organize national groups around the world. They hold an international congress every two years to coordinate work and exchange ideas.[4]

    Célestin Freinet based Schools

    • Colégio Integral, Brazil
    • Freinetskolan Tallbacken, Sweden
    • Freinetskolan Mimer, Norrtälje, Sweden
    • Freinetskolan Hugin, Norrtälje, Sweden
    • Escola Oca dos Curumins, São Carlos, Brazil
    • Escuela Experimental Freinet, San Andrés Tuxtla, Mexico
    • Freinetskolen Valbylanggade, Valby, Denmark
    • Trekronergade Freinetskole, Valby, Denmark
    • Lycée Célestin Freinet, Bramiyeh, Lebanon
    • Centro Educacional de Niterói, Brazil
    • Celestin Freinet Xalapa.

      Celestin freinet biography of barack obama president The website is no longer updated and links to external websites and some internal pages may not work. Barack Obama served as the 44th President of the United States. His story is the American story — values from the heartland, a middle-class upbringing in a strong family, hard work and education as the means of getting ahead, and the conviction that a life so blessed should be lived in service to others. When Barack Obama was elected president in , he became the first African American to hold the office. The framers of the Constitution always hoped that our leadership would not be limited to Americans of wealth or family connections.

      Mexico

    • Manuel Bartolomé Cossío, Mexico
    • Colegio Académico Celestin Freinet, Bogotá, Colombia
    • De Nieuwe Regentesseschool, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Publications

    • L'École Moderne Française.
    • Œuvres pédagogiques, 2 vols. Paris: Seuil. (Edited by Madeleine Bens-Freinet, introduction par Jacques Bens:
      • Tome 1&#;: L’éducation du travail [] – Essai de psychologie sensible appliquée à l’éducation [].
      • Tome 2&#;: L’école moderne française [ Autre titre&#;: Pour l'école du peuple, ] – Les dits de Matthieu [] – Méthode naturelle de lecture [] – Les invariants pédagogiques [] – Méthode naturelle de dessin – Les genèses.
    • Touché&#;!

      Souvenirs d'un blessé de guerre, récit, Ateliers du Gué,

    See also

    References

    Further reading

    • H-L.

      Biography of barack obama early life Born on the 15th of October in Gars in France, a small town on the slopes of Alpes Maritime, Freinet spent his early days in the midst of labourers in the field like every other child in the village at that time. Freinet was the fifth child of eight children. One of the hobbies he picked up as a child was shepherding the flock. Freinet also developed an early love for education which saw him complete primary continuation classes in Grasse and enrol in Nice primary teacher's training college. In when Freinet was 19 years war broke out and he was called to serve.

      Go, Freinet à Vence. Vers une reconstruction de la forme scolaire, Rennes, PUR,

    • Guy Goupil, Comprendre la pédagogie Freinet. Genèse d'une pédagogie évolutive, Mayenne, Éditions des Amis de Freinet,
    • Michel Barré, Célestin Freinet, un éducateur pour notre temps, 2 tomes, PEMF, et
    • Nicholas Beattie, N.

      "The Freinet movements of France, Italy, and Germany, &#;: versions of educational progressivism", Lewiston, N.Y.; Lampeter, Edwin Mellen Press,

    • Patrick Boumard, Célestin Freinet, Paris, PUF,
    • Henri Peyronie, Célestin Freinet. Pédagogie et émancipation, Paris, Hachette éducation,
    • Alain Vergnioux, Cinq études sur Célestin Freinet, Caen, PUC, (bibliographie complétée le 2 mai )
    • Ginette Fournès, Sylvia Dorance, La danseuse sur un fil: une vie d'école Freinet, Éditions École Vivante, [1]

    External links